The Outcomes Of Patient Counseling - 1525 Words

AIM AND OBJECTIVES: The main aim of the study is to measure the outcomes in hypertensive patients with relation to, counselling in terms of lifestyle modifications, diet, risk factors, complications, signs and symptoms by providing patient information leaflet.The objective is to evaluate the impact of patient counseling in terms of QOL,KAP and Medication adherence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An Observational Prospective Study was conducted over a period of 6months i.e., from February to July 2015 in the department of General Medicine, Government General Hospital, Guntur. The patients were counseled and patient information leaflets were given for knowledge enhancement. Then the patients were assessed in terms of medication adherence, KAP and QOL by using validated questionnaires. Further follow ups and counseling were done on patient visits for their review or telephonically. Assessment of all collected data was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 134 Hypertensive patients were included in the study but only 107 patients of them were enrolled in the study as per the inclusion and exclusion criteria and counseling was done. The P value in terms of medication adherence and KAP was calculated and found to be *P = 0.0001, which is considered to be statistically significant. The QOL was found to be significantly improved in terms of anxiety/depression and pain/comfort. CONCLUSION: Our study concluded that pharmacist mediated patient counseling was effective in improvingShow MoreRelatedThe And Lack Of Comfortability Within A Group Setting1122 Words   |  5 Pageswill compel them to participate when they do not feel comfortable. Members should not feel pressure to participate because it might cause additional psychological trauma. Often times, group therapy is a force form of psychotherapy for many patients making patient reluctant to participate. The facilitator is responsible of reminding them that consequences may arise due to their lack of participation within ethical reasoning. During group sessions, the counselor must maintain ethical practices for theRead MoreMeasuring Counselors For An Organization That Provides Marriage And Family Counseling1337 Words   |  6 Pagesand family counseling for a population that consists primarily of immigrants and people with low-incomes. What types of assessments might you use? What competencies would you be looking for? An agency that provides marriage and family counseling will need all counselors to participate in assessments to help measure their competencies. The assessments will focus on knowledge, skills and abilities, culture, and behavior. The knowledge competencies involves the understanding of counseling through educationRead MoreIntervention For Smokers With Depression1603 Words   |  7 Pagesdepression. Through Scopus and using MeSH terms, inclusion and exclusion criteria (MeSH terms: smoking cessation, depression, comorbidity and intervention) (inclusion criteria: articles, medicine, English language, adult, clinical trial and treatment outcome) there were 19 articles found, in which 3 were actually related to the topic. The lack of literature on the specific intervention for smokers with depression suggest low focus and a need for an effective intervention. A long term study (4 years)Read MoreAnalysis Of The Film Saving Face, Hwei Lan Gao Or Ma 1662 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Less acculturated, non-English speaking, traditionalist Chinese Americans may conform fully and solidly to customary Chinese beliefs, norms, and values that could affect how they articulate their concerns and thoughts and the way they seek counseling services. In the film Saving Face, Hwei-Lan Gao or ‘Ma’ is the 48-year-old mother of a young surgeon, Wilhelmina ‘Wil’ Pang. ‘Ma’ is a traditional Chinese who does not speak English and ineptly acculturated to American culture. Her daughter WilRead MoreEssay On STD1500 Words   |  6 PagesEvaluating the Effectiveness To analyze the effectiveness of this objective, health care providers in the Bronx will determine whether there was an increased number of admissions for screenings that ultimately prevented lifelong complications of STDs. An outcome for this intervention is to analyze STD diagnoses for the next 10 years and decrease the number of STD mortality rates by 10% with the use of physical examinations. Objective 3 Lastly, by the year 2020 an increased number of at risk individualsRead MorePsychopharmacology and Mental Health Counseling1035 Words   |  5 PagesPsychopharmacology and Mental Health Counseling Psychopharmacology and Mental Health Counseling It seems that the more human development changes, the more there is a demand to understand the role of pharmaceuticals in daily life with regard to mental health. In the article, The Mental Heath Practitioner and psychopharmacology, a growing challenge for mental health counselors is to understand the potential benefits and limitations of many different types of drugsRead MoreAppraisal Of Health Care Delivery System1478 Words   |  6 PagesAppraisal of Health Care Delivery System The health care industry is constantly evolving and improving to provide opportunities for patients and providers to promote health and decrease expenditures. The Service, Outcomes and Resource Stewardship Model is one tool that allows individual organizations to objectively evaluate service and implement changes to improve patient and professional satisfaction while improving quality and resource stewardship. With increased knowledge, a Doctor of Nurse PractitionerRead MoreCritique of Systematic Review1360 Words   |  6 Pagesinterventions such as skin-to-skin contact, or pacifier use were also excluded. For all the articles that were included a double data abstraction was done describing study identifiers and context, study design and limitations, intervention specifics and outcome effects into a standardized abstractions form as detailed in the CHERG systematic Review Guidelines. Each study was then assessed and graded. For quantitative studies, a meta-analysis was performed using Revman 5.2. The meta-analysis evaluatedRead MoreThe Pharmaceutical Industry and Technological Advancement1765 Words   |  7 Pagesforward, the challenge pharmacists and pharmaceutical industries face is how to improve the quality it provides its patients, as well as becoming a determining factor in lessening drug and prescription abuse. A pharmacist is a health care professional who is an expert in the pharmaceutical field and on pharmaceutical drugs. They are responsible for improving the health of a patient and implementing drug therapy with the intention of improving the quality of a patientâ₠¬â„¢s life. As technology and medicineRead MoreTesting Is A Tool A Counselor1314 Words   |  6 Pagescampuses have a unique job. Many college counselors work with student’s who need individual and group counseling† (Nugent Jones, pg. 280). Testing services may or may not be a part of the counseling center. There is a difference between â€Å"testing academic services gives and testing a counseling center gives† (Nugent Jones, pg. 279). Counselors â€Å"use standardized test and inventories in the counseling process† (Nugent Jones, pg. 283). Testing Testing is a tool a counselor uses to assess a client

Natural Law And Legal Positivism - 1116 Words

The contrast between Natural Law and Legal Positivism is a necessary starting point for those who wish to understand the relationship between law and morality, and the most varied manners in which it influences society to this day. When it comes to analyzing which theory offers the most well-rounded idea of law, one can argue that Legal Positivism provides the best definition of what law is at its essence. However, because Legal Positivism came to exist as a critique to what was proposed by Natural Law theorists, it is significant that both are explored in depth as means to support such argument. Natural law theory is based on human nature and its predisposition to do good. The determination of what’s good and evil, however, is often drawn†¦show more content†¦In fact, it argues that at times, it is possible that for the law to be immoral. The biggest difference between the writings of Austin and Hart might be that the former while setting the framework for a plausible theory, fails to elaborate on its most basic premises. Hart expanded on legal positivism by enhancing the theory suggested by Austin and making it more credible, all while debunking natural law theory. One example is the manner in which Austin argues that the concept of law is subject to the command of a higher authority backed by threats. Although this is a way in which law can be presented, it is also a simplistic definition. Hart argues that although Austin’s definition of the law might be applicable to criminal law, it fails to justify other variants of legal process such as contracts or marriage licenses. He argues that â€Å"Such laws do not impose duties or obli ­gations. Instead, they provide individuals with facilities for realizing their wishes, by conferring legal powers upon them to create, by certain specified procedures and subjec t to certain (p. 27)† It is difficult to associate laws such as the ones concerning marriage to the idea of a command backed by threat. The differentiation between laws that grant liberties when compared to those that might take them away is something that is not taken into account by Austin or explored in depth by natural law theorists such as Aquinas. TheShow MoreRelatedLegal Positivism and Natural Law815 Words   |  3 PagesLegal positivism and natural law These are two legal philosophies or theory of law that are commonly used in the daily arguments and discussions of the legal issues. These two, in as much as have the observance of the law as the common factor, have varied or divergent approach to law as a discipline and as a practice. Natural law This is divided into two major subsections with the first being natural law theory of morality; this deals with what is right and what is wrong. The second beingRead MoreThe Natural Law Theory And Legal Positivism1698 Words   |  7 Pagesperspectives are known as the Natural Law theory and Legal Positivism. Natural law theorists claim that morality and law A significant debate on this topic was stimulated by Wolfenden Report 1957 in England which led to the famous debate between H.L.A Hart and Lord Devlin . The report is about the recommendation of legalising homosexuality and prostitution as law should not intervene within everyone’s private lives. This view was supported by Hart as he believed that the law should not enforce moralRead MoreLegal Positivism Over Natural Law Theory982 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscusses the conceptions of legal normativity, both moral and â€Å"strictly legal† conceptions. According to Spaak, regarding the normative force of legal justification, legal positivists can still embrace the moral idea and not be in conflict with their generally held belief in the â€Å"strictly legal† concept of law. In Torben Spaak’s opinion, there is a reason to desire legal positivism; he explains this through introducing the concept of jurisprudence. When discussing the nature of law, Spaak stat es, â€Å"thatRead MoreThomas Aquinas, Natural Law And Legal Positivism710 Words   |  3 PagesMorals and Laws. It is important to distinguish these differences by the assertion and denial of them. In the book The Concept of Law there are two types of relations, Natural law and Legal Positivism. Natural Law is defined as â€Å"certain principles of human conduct, awaiting discovery by human reason, which man-made laws must conform to if they are to be valid (Hart 2012 p.185-186).† Legal Positivism is defined as â€Å"the simple contention that it is in no sense a necessary truth that laws reproduce orRead MoreThe Distinction Between Natural Law And Legal Positivism Essay1747 Words   |  7 Pages scrutinize and define the distinction between natural law and legal positivism. I will make distinctions regarding advantages and disadvantages of the definitions of the theories of natural law and legal positivism. By focussing on slavery as an example I will be looking at vari ous theorists and their theories thereby attempting to make sense and find clarity in this regard. Furthermore to understand the aspects of natural law and legal positivism, one has to understand the theories of Cicero, ThomasRead MoreThe Difference Between Natural Law and Legal Positivism Essay example1756 Words   |  8 PagesBETWEEN NATURAL LAW AND LEGAL POSITIVISM This essay is going to discuss and analyse the differences between two basic principles- natural law and legal positivism. According to Hume, there are two realms of human enquiry , one in the field of facts which is concerned with what ‘ is ‘ actually the case and the other in the field of ‘ought’ that is, what ought to be the case1. Those who believe in the principle of natural law are known as naturalists while those who believe in the principle of legal positivismRead MoreNatural Law Enforces Human Rights907 Words   |  4 PagesNatural Law enforces human rights. When we look at abortion s laws we see between a legal system based on the legal theory of natural law the law that comes from God s nature and inherent right and wrong as He defines it furthermore a legal system based on legal positivism (law is derived from whatever man says is law - no inherent right and wrong). Prior to the turn of the 20th century, legal philosophy from whence laws were derived in the Western world was based upon a natural law theory. ARead MorePositivism : The Ruling Theory Of Law944 Words   |  4 Pagesegal positivism is the name given to the school of juristic thought, which includes such luminaries of philosophy as Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), John Austin (1790-1859) and HLA Hart (1907-1992). Philosopher Ronald Dworkin once described legal positivism as the ruling theory of law. Since the time of Bentham and Austin legal positivism was the dominant theory and was held by most legal scholars in one way or another and was also the working theory of most legal practitioner’sRead MoreThe Second World War1598 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they weren’t guilty of a crime as they were obeying the law of Nazi Germany . Consequently, the trial revived the broader question of whether laws which are inherently immoral can be considered valid law. Moreover, the trial generated fresh debate within jurisprudence, in turn leading many to criticise the previously prominent ideas of Legal Positivism , which in layman’s terms separated law from morality and credited as valid law any bill provided it had gone through the recognised legislativeRead MoreLegal Positivism Vs. Law Of Nature1285 Words   |  6 PagesLegal Positivism v. the Law of Nature Legal philosophy has changed dramatically throughout the years; many theories have evolved and are still supported to this day. Concepts such as values, morality, desires, and reason all come into play when law is defined. Law is a very difficult word to define; what exactly is it and where does it come from? To understand the idea of law, one must also understand how humans have evolved. From the beginning, humans have been forming groups for survival; either

Communication Nature Influences Resistance

Question: Discuss about the Communication Nature Influences Resistance. Answer: Introduction Human resources are significant asset to the organization. They are essential in the organization productivity and performance. Therefore, it is important that the business organizations implement strategies which are focused on engaging the employees in the workplace. It is also important that the organization implements employee-friendly practices so that the employees are self-motivated at the workplace (Kaya, Ergn and Kesen, 2014). In this regard, the case of Constructive Relations at Top Truck Company has been evaluated. In the case study, it has been discussed that the autocratic practices of the previous yard manager of the company increased dissatisfaction among the truck drivers. The yard manager followed autocratic practices which including people to tell them what to do and scolding them if they do not work properly. There were a large number of old trucks in the fleet which can impact on the efficiency of the organization. There is a fleet of bad drivers which has resulte d in number of conflicts, accidents and stoppages in operations. Later, a new manager was hired in the company which transformed the policies of the organization and made them more employee-friendly. The present report examines whether the workplace practices introduced by the new yard manager complements one another, the risks associated if the yard manager moves on and whether the implementation of changes can is more challenging in blue collar unions rather than the public sector challenges. Complementary Workplace Practices It can be critiqued that the new workplace practices implemented by the yard manager are complementary and significant in improving the productivity of the employees. The human resource strategies are crucial in increasing the performance of the employees in the workplace (Kehoe Wright, 2013). The new yard manager got rid of the old trucks and brought new uniforms for the drivers. A new computer system was also installed by the yard manager to improve the performance of the employees. The new yard manager was in constant communication with the drivers and their union representative so that any issues or problems in the employment can be tackled immediately. He was also patient with the drivers and the union workers and used to examine the situation before backlashing at a single employee. Along with it, the new yard manager also implemented strategies to increase the occupational health and safety. The drivers received training in technical aspects as well as customer service. It enhanced the overall performance of the employees. It could be critiqued that the strategies implemented by the new yard manger were complementary and significant in improving the overall performance of the employees (Chuang, Chen Chuang, 2013). The manager initiated training for the customer ser vice and technical operations of the trucks. It also increased the skills of the truck driver in handling the operations of truck effectively. Along with it, the truck drivers also implemented occupational safety practices which complemented the above mentioned strategy. In order to enhance the workplace image and reputation, the new yard manager provided new trucks and uniforms to all the drivers. Moreover, the yard manager also consulted with the manager as an equal rather than patronizing him in order to increase the image of the organization and establish a positive organization culture (Chuang, Chen Chuang, 2013). Therefore, the workplace changes were positive and complementary. The Risks in Sustaining Changes The change is a peoples process. Therefore, in order for a change to be successfully implemented in an organization, it should be completely embraced by its people or employees. However, the employees resist change as they resist adopting new practices, mind-sets and behavior. However, once the changes are implemented, the business organization needs to implement different strategies so that the changes are sustained within the organization. In the present situation, once the yard manager moves from the current office, it will be difficult to sustain change (Cummings, Bridgman Brown, 2016). If the change maintenance practices are not adopted, the employees may return to their old practices as they are more familiar with them. It will waste the efforts of the organization in terms of both time and money for the creating change in the organization. The change management is a difficult process wherein the organization has to prepare the organization for change. It includes the steps such as communicating with the employees why the current practices cannot continue. It can be demonstrated by showing declining sales figures and low result in customer satisfaction surveys (Shirey, 2013). The stage of change is most difficult and stressful the management of the organization has to challenge the existing beliefs, values, attitudes and behavior of the organization. In the present case, the yard manager has implemented the first and the second step of the change management process; however, the third stage of the change management process is not implemented. In this step, the man agement has to implement steps to sustain changes in the organization. The management of the organization has to anchor changes in the organization by identifying the steps that supports changes and identifying the barriers to the changes (Hossan, 2015). The company is also needed to develop and identify ways through which changes can be sustained in the organization. It ensures support from the leader, establishing a reward system for the management of the change and adaptation of the organization structure so that the changes can be sustained in the organization. Firstly, the truck drivers and the union representatives relate the organization change to the new manager. The motivation to adopt the new changes will be reduced if the yard manager moves from the current location. Moreover, the yard manager has efficiently implemented a number of strategies which complement each other and were efficient in changing the culture of the organization. It is hard to find the replacement of the current manager who can effectively integrate number of human resource strategies to uplift the human resource policies of the organization. Moreover, keeping changes is one of the most significant steps in change management. According to Levins change management model, refreezing change is the major step of the change management process. In this step, the companies need to solidify the new behavior as a norm. Therefore, it is important that the new yard manager remains in the organization to sustain changes (Maanchester et al., 2014). If the yard managers move on, there is possibility that the employees and the old yard manager will return to their previous practices. In the absence of reinforcing authority, the employees will become relaxed and negligent to follow new safety measures and practices. Moreover, the organization will also find it difficult to develop effective safety rules and guidelines which are needed to be followed in the organization. The yard manager is familiar with the characteristics and nature of the employees as he has established professional relationship with them by remaining in constant contact to resolve their queries and issues. However, if the yard manager moves on from the location; a new authority will be assigned to manage the operations of that place. The new yard manager will have to establish new relationships with the blue collared employees. The Engagement of tough Blue Collar Unions in Workplace Changes The blue collared employees are different from the white collared employees. The collared employees refer to the working class people who work on hourly rates and work manually. Although, the workers in blue collar jobs have high skills in their professional area, they are less likely to have University degree and higher education. Therefore, they must be unfamiliar with the subjects related to change management and technology adoption. Moreover, the white collar workers refer to the employees who work on desk in an administrative setting. The work of these people is related to customer interaction, entertainment, sales and other service oriented work. In the office setting, the employees are more likely to encounter new work procedures and methods. After the adoption of new work methods, the employees realize that new changes can assist them in their daily operations. The office employees and the management of the organization are responsible for developing strategies to uplift the standard of the organization policies and increase employee friendliness (Kuipers et al, 2014). The operations and working of the white collar employees in public sector setting or service organizations is different from the operations of the organization in transport worker unions. In the public sector and service industry, the organizations are not focused on maximizing their revenues. Therefore, the organization culture of these companies is also such that the employees are focused towards the public service. They are also assured of their job security and educated. They also actively participate in the organization decision-making and policy changes (Y?lmaz K?l?o?lu, 2013). Since these people are educated, they are also aware of the need of change and how it can positively impact on the organization operations. Therefore, according to the individual perception, the employees in the public or service sector unions are more likely to adopt changes in the organization. Conclusion It can be concluded that employee friendly practices are essential in improving the performance of the organization. Top Trucks is a transportation company; however, the culture of the company was not ideal as the yard manager was autocratic in leadership style. The new yard leader redesigned the organization culture of the company. He introduced strategies to give more power to the truck drivers. He also made arrangements for new uniforms and trucks. It created a positive organization culture in the business organization. All the changes introduced in the organization were complementary which enhanced the performance of the organization immensely. Moreover, it could be critiqued that maintaining the changes introduced in the organization is also challenging if the new yard manager moves to another location. In change management, the primary step is to identify processes and systems so that the changes can be sustained in the organization. However, it will be very difficult when the yard leader of the organization will leave as he was pioneer in the change and established positive relationship with the employees. References Chuang, C. H., Chen, S. J., Chuang, C. W. (2013). Human resource management practices and organizational social capital: The role of industrial characteristics. Journal of Business Research, 66(5), 678-687. Cummings, S., Bridgman, T., Brown, K. G. (2016). Unfreezing change as three steps: Rethinking Kurt Lewins legacy for change management. human relations, 69(1), 33-60. Hossan, C. (2015). Applicability of Lewins Change Management Theory in Australian Local Government. International Journal of business and Management, 10(6), 53. Kaya, N., Ergn, E. and Kesen, M., (2014). The Effects of Human Resource Management Practices and Organizational Culture Types on Organizational Cynicism: An empirical study in Turkey. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, 17(1), 43-61. Kehoe, R. R., Wright, P. M. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors. Journal of management, 39(2), 366-391. Kuipers, B. S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J., Van der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organizations: A literature review. Public Administration, 92(1), 1-20. Manchester, J., Gray-Miceli, D. L., Metcalf, J. A., Paolini, C. A., Napier, A. H., Coogle, C. L., Owens, M. G. (2014). Facilitating Lewin's change model with collaborative evaluation in promoting evidence based practices of health professionals. Evaluation and program planning, 47, 82-90. Matos Marques Simoes, P., Esposito, M. (2014). Improving change management: How communication nature influences resistance to change. Journal of Management Development, 33(4), 324-341. Shirey, M. R. (2013). Lewins theory of planned change as a strategic resource. Journal of Nursing Administration, 43(2), 69-72. Y?lmaz, D., K?l?o?lu, G. (2013). Resistance to change and ways of reducing resistance in educational organizations. European journal of research on education, 1(1), 14-21.

Raw Institutions Effects on Individuals Essay Example

Raw Institutions Effects on Individuals Essay Institutions may have varying effects on individuals. Discuss this statement with reference to Raw. The novel Raw, written by Scott Monk, shows that an institution may have varying effects on an individual. In this case the institution being The Farm. The aim of the institution, being to transform the bad ways/behaviours of the individual. The individuals are expected to be in compliance of the rules and expectations of the caretakers, Mary Sam. If the individuals protest to these, they can expect the consequences. The institution can have positive effects on the individuals, they can learn to trust respect, and treat people the right way. This can also backfire in some cases. The Farm is an institution run by Sam and Mary, referred to more as caretakers rather than wardens. It can have varying effects on individuals, as you can see with Josh, compared to Tyson, the outcome and effect on the different individuals is noticeably diverse. The Farm is not like a typical juvenile centre, it gives individuals an opportunity to make changes in themselves. The setup is a lot different, there are no gates, no cells, no bars on the windows, no guards. But there are rules that apply to all people staying at The Farm, which include, no fighting, no leaving the property, Sams decision is final, and no drugs. These rules are enforced with the consequences, if any of these rules are broken, not only will the person breaking them suffer the consequences, but the whole group of individuals will suffer from these actions as well. Whether the individuals choose to comply or protest against these, it will decide their future. We will write a custom essay sample on Raw Institutions Effects on Individuals specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Raw Institutions Effects on Individuals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Raw Institutions Effects on Individuals specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So there are expectations to conform, as there is group pressure to obey the rules through the certain consequences. Sam also has an impact on the effect The Farm has on the individuals. He gives them advice, and believes in them, and if they use it and are respectful of him, it will only work to their advantage. The Farm has had a major impact on the key character, Brett Dalton. It has given him an opportunity to change his attitude to life and society. Bretts initial attitude was very cynical. He was a rude person, blames the world for everything, and doesnt consider the fact that it is his own fault for what happens to him. He refers to police as pigs on various occasions, he calls Sam the caretaker an old fool, and refers to The Farm as a pushover. Brett has a carefree attitude, and is always looking for a fight, especially when he first moved to The Farm. He thinks everyone is a joke and has no idea why everyone has so much respect and looks up to Sam, Sam this, Sam that, the were treating the guy like a king(pg. 69). He was the enemy, and you never got friendly with the enemy (pg. 20), Brett sees Sam as the enemy and is unwilling to change his attitude. Brett picks fights with Josh and other characters, as though he is just looking for trouble. He is constantly rude to Sam, and isnt bothered by what anyone else thinks of him. Throughout the novel, we see slight changes in Bretts behaviours and attitudes. We first see signs of this when Brett first decides to run away from The Farm. After catching him running away and driving Brett to Mungindi, as he is about to drive off and leave Brett, Sam reminds him by saying, just remember Brett, only you can change your life (pg. 86), in hopes Brett will think about what he says and return back to The Farm. Sam also tells Brett that he believes in giving people second chances. As Brett comes to realise what the consequence of him running away would be (going to jail), he decides to return back to The Farm. This is the first sign of change taking place in Brett. We begin to see more change in Bretts attitude when he is asked to help out building the stable, Brett is willing to take on Sams offer, as woodwork is something he enjoys. Another moment is when Brett saves Robbie (frog) from the drug dealer and sticks up for him. He was willing to fight to help Robbie, as he is almost like a little brother to him, and wants to set a good example. Brett sets a good example when he tells Smiling Joe, I dont want to fight, just let me take the kid. Brett continues to show his changing attitudes throughout the course of the novel. Towards the end, Brett finally has given up his old ways, when he was fighting with Caitlyns dad. Suddenly, Brett realised he was tired. Tired of fighting. Tired of the pain. He couldnt keep solving his problems with his fists. He wanted out. He wanted a normal life, (pg. 332). This is Bretts breaking point in the novel. It reveals his realisation for a normal life, and doesnt want to have to keeping fighting to solve all of his problems. Even though Brett ended up in jail, he was still changed by The Farm in a positive way, he learned how to trust, make friends, he learned not everyone hates him even though he may think so, and he learned that violence it not always the answer and there are other ways to solve problems rather than using his fists. Josh Collins has been living at The Farm for three years, and works as a stable hand. Josh is a good example that an institution can have varying effects on individuals, in Joshs case a positive one. Josh respects Sam and follows his instructions, because he knows if he does this, he will then be rewarded. Josh originally came to The Farm for breaking into cars and other criminal acts, the reason for this behaviour being he was sexually abused by his stepfather, although we do not learn this until the near end of the novel. Josh has a strong dislike for Tyson as he dislikes people who dont make any effort to change their lives. Josh tells Brett that if he can put his life back together than anyone can. Even though Josh seems strong and positive on the outside, he has become extremely reliant on The Farm and its resources, he has no where else to go. In the real world Josh wouldnt cope. This can be a negative effect on him. But overall The Farm has had a positive impact on Josh. Tyson is quite the opposite of Josh, he is considered as a thug and believes he is the king of The Farm, the only person in this place who does own anything is me (pg. 115). Tyson has no willingness to conform or change his attitude in any way, shape or form, as he has been through loads of detention centres, which have made no impact on him whatsoever. Tysons tough guy attitude, is his barrier stopping him from making any change in his attitude. He is constantly looking for a fights, and frequently picks on Brett, always calling him pretty boy. Although we dont see what Tyson is like when he is first brought into The Farm, we can tell that he has not been effected by the institution at all, as he has no willingness to do so. Robbie Scully, often called Frog, is a 12 year old boy who was sent to The Farm for stealing from a local store. Because he is only young and is constantly surrounded by older and more intimidating inmates, Robbie is considered a tadpole. Robbie is very compliant with all the rules and respects Sam and his rules. Robbie never wants any trouble and begins to grow a good relationship with Brett, who some what acts as an older brother figure. We can tell that Robbie is scared by the other inmates when he asks Brett if he can teach him to fight, because he wants to learn how to defend himself if he ever gets into any trouble. Even though The Farm has taught Robbie a lesson, I dont think it was the right institution for Robbie to be sent for what he did, as he is too young. Robbie has learnt from his mistakes, and knows what he did was wrong. So The Farm has had a positive effect on Robbies attitude and ways. The statement, institutions can have varying effects on individuals, I believe is true. An institution such as The Farm, can have a positive effect if you are willing to make the change yourself, such as Brett, Josh and Robbie, these individuals learnt from their mistakes and came to trust and respect Sam, especially Brett, who learned that Sam is no old fool after all. Whereas Tyson, is the complete opposite, he is unwilling to throw away his ego, and do what is best for him, He is not willing to change, therefore The Farm will not have any effect on him at all.